Method for determining wear of a connector contact using atom transfer radical polymerization

ABSTRACT

A method for examining wear of a connector contact using atom transfer radical polymerization. Metals in the connector contact are involved in atom transfer radical polymerization. In the method, polymers are formed via atom transfer radical polymerization. An average molecular weight and a polydispersity index of the polymers are determined. The exposure of underlying metal layers of the connector contact is determined based on the average molecular weight and atom transfer radical polymerization.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to determining wear of connectorcontacts, and more particularly to determining wear of connectorcontacts using atom transfer radical polymerization.

BACKGROUND

Wear of connector contacts is of great concern to the IT industry, dueto the exposure of underlying layers of the connector contacts toenvironments that may cause corrosion. The exposure of the underlyinglayers is typically due to mechanical wear from excess plugging ofconnectors or can be associated with shock and vibe processes such asshipping.

Currently, when wear of a connector contact is examined, shock and vibeprocesses and plugging are first used to cause some wear of theconnector contact. The connector contact typically comprises gold overnickel over copper. Once the test of shock and vibe or plugging is done,an evaluation of the wear of the connector contact must be done via anoptical inspection. Then, the wear evaluation must be done via ascanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. The above-mentionedmethod is the current process used for determining the exposure of theunderlying metal networks in a connector contact. This method requiresexpensive equipment (more than US $250,000 currently) and is timeconsuming for examining many connector contacts.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for examining wearof a connector contact using atom transfer radical polymerization. Themethod comprises placing the connector contact into a reactor and addingto the reactor chemicals for the atom transfer radical polymerization.The method further comprises determining an average molecular weight anda polydispersity index of polymers in a sample from the reactor. Themethod further comprises determining whether an underlying metal layerof the connector contact is exposed, based on the average molecularweight and the polydispersity index.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows diagrams illustrating metal layers of a connector contactunder different conditions, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 shows a process of prior art for examining wear of a connectorcontact.

FIG. 3 shows a process for examining wear of a connector contact usingatom transfer radical polymerization, in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method for examiningwear of a connector contact using atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP). Metals in the connector contact are involved in ATRP. In themethod, polymers are formed via ATRP. An average molecular weight and apolydispersity index (PDI) of the polymers are determined. The exposureof underlying metal layers of the connector contact is determined basedon the average molecular weight and the PDI. The advantage of the methodis that examining wear of connector contacts does not need a lengthyamount of time as used in an optical examination and a scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) examination. Additionally, the equipment for analyzingthe PDI (e.g., permeation chromatography) is less expensive than the SEMequipment and it also does not require much maintenance.

FIG. 1 shows diagrams 110, 120, 130, and 140 illustrating metal layersof a connector contact under different conditions, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. Diagram 110 shows metal layersof a new connector contact, which is before any mechanical wear fromexcess plugging or shock and vibe processes. As shown in diagram 110,the new connector contact comprises three metal layers: Au (gold) layer111, Ni (nickel) layer 112, and Cu (copper) layer 113. Au layer 111 isthe outermost metal layer of the connector contact, Ni layer 112 is anunderlying metal layer and beneath Au layer 111, and Cu layer 113 isanother underlying metal layer and beneath Ni layer 112.

Referring to FIG. 1, diagram 120 shows metal layers of a connectorcontact that passes the requirement for the minimum Au layer of theconnector contact. The metal layers of the connector contact shown indiagram 120 include Au layer 121, Ni layer 122, and Cu layer 123. Thethickness of Au layer 121, the outermost metal layer, is reduced aftermechanical wear from excess plugging or shock and vibe processes;however, Au layer 121 still covers all surfaces of an underlying metallayer, Ni layer 122. Under Ni layer 122, there exists another underlyingmetal layer, Cu layer 123.

Referring to FIG. 1, diagram 130 shows metal layers of a connectorcontact that fails the requirement for the minimum Au layer of theconnector contact. Au layer 131, the outermost metal layer, is mostlyremoved after mechanical wear from excess plugging or shock and vibeprocesses. Au layer 131 does not cover all surfaces of Ni layer 132;therefore, Ni layer 132 is exposed. Below Ni layer 132, there exists Culayer 133.

Referring to FIG. 1, diagram 140 shows a worst case after mechanicalwear from excess plugging or shock and vibe processes. In the worstcase, an Au layer is completely removed. Ni layer 143 is mostly removedand does not cover all surfaces of Cu layer 143. Cu layer 143 isexposed.

FIG. 2 shows process 200 of prior art for examining wear of a connectorcontact. Process 200 includes the following steps. At step 201, a shockand vibe test is conducted for the connector contact. At step 202, afterthe shock and vibe test, an optical examination of the surfaces of theconnector contact is conducted. Usually, the magnification of theoptical examination ranges from 1× to 100×. If there is evidence beyondlight Au burnishing, at step 203, a scanning electron microscope (SEM)examination will be conducted. SEM produces images of the connectorcontact by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. For example,the SEM examination is conducted with magnification of 10-500× at 10keV. Secondary electron imaging (SEI) and back-scattered electronimaging (BEI) can be used to identify areas of potential excess wearincluding excess Au removal or exposed underplate metal layers and basemetal layers. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is used toanalyze the composition of the area identified by SEI or BEI.

FIG. 3 shows process 300 for examining wear of a connector contact usingatom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. Process 300 for examining wear of aconnector contact using ATRP includes the following steps. At step 301,a shock and vibe test is conducted for the connector contact. At step302, the connector contact is placed into a reactor. For example, theconnector contact is placed into a Schlenk reactor (or Schlenk flask)with a magnetic stir bar. At step 303, chemicals for the atom transferradical polymerization (ATRP) are added to the reactor (for example, theSchlenk reactor or flask). In an embodiment, added chemicals includecupric bromide (CuBr₂), tris [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN),dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methyl acrylate monomer, andethyl-2-bromopropionate (EBiB).

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a reversible deactivationradical polymerization. ATRP is a means of forming a carbon-carbon bondthrough a transition metal catalyst. ATRP uses a transition metalcomplex as the catalyst with an alkyl halide as the initiator (R—X).Transition metal complexes, such as complexes of Cu, Fe, Ru, Ni, and Os,can be used as catalysts for ATRP. In an ATRP process, the dormantspecies is activated by the transition metal complex to generateradicals using a one electron transfer process, and the transition metalis oxidized to a higher oxidation state. This reversible process rapidlyestablishes an equilibrium that is predominately shifted to the sidewith very low radical concentrations. The number of polymer chains isdetermined by the number of initiators. Each growing chain has the sameprobability to propagate with monomers to form living/dormant polymerchains (R—P_(n)—X). As a result, polymers with similar molecular weightsand narrow molecular weight distribution can be formed. In ATRP, thecatalyst is the most important component of ATRP because the catalystdetermines the equilibrium constant between the active and dormantspecies. This equilibrium determines the polymerization rate. There aremany different activator regeneration ATRP methods. The activatorregeneration ATRP methods include initiators for continuous activatorregeneration (ICAR) ATRP, activators regenerated by electron transfer(ARGET) ATRP, supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA) ATRP,electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP), and photoinduced ATRP.

Referring to FIG. 3, at step 304, the reactor is deoxygenated. Thedeoxygenation may be through freeze-vacuum-thaw cycles and/or purge withnitrogen. At step 305, the reactor is kept at a predeterminedtemperature and stirred for a predetermined period of time. For example,the reactor is kept in a water bath at 25° C. and stirred for 30minutes. Polymers are formed in the reactor through ATRP. At step 306, asample of the polymers is withdrawn from the reactor. At step 307, anaverage molecular weight and a polydispersity index (PDI) of thepolymers in the sample is analyzed. The PDI is a measure of thedistribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample, and itindicates the distribution of individual molecular masses in a batch ofthe polymers. The analysis of the PDI can be performed by manyanalytical methods. For example, the PDI can be analyzed by gelpermeation chromatography (GPC). GPC is size exclusion chromatographyand separates substances based on size. GPC is used to determine therelative molecular weight of the polymer samples as well as thedistribution of molecular weights. Other methods for analyzing the PDIinclude light scattering measurement (such as dynamic light scattering)and direct measurement through spectrometry using matrix-assisted laserdesorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Referring to FIG. 3, at step 308, whether an underlying metal layer ofthe connector contact is exposed is determined, based on the averagemolecular weight and the PDI which are determined at step 307. If thenickel layer and the copper layer of a connector contact are not exposed(e.g., diagram 110 and 120 in FIG. 1), if atom transfer radicalpolymerization (ATRP) does not occur due to gold being a noble metal. Ifa value of the PDI is greater than 2, only the nickel layer is exposed(e.g., diagram 130 in FIG. 1); under this condition, a bimodaldistribution is generated, which indicates that the polymerization isnot a controlled living polymerization. If a value of the PDI is lessthan 2, the copper layer is exposed (e.g., diagram 140 in FIG. 1) andthe reaction of the polymerization is favored. If there is presence ofboth Cu(0) and Ni(0), the bimodal curve leans more toward the copperreaction PDI due to the slow deactivation of the propagating radical inthe Ni(0) reaction. The average molecular weight, the monomerconversion, and the PDI obtained over time are compared with standardprofiles of the average molecular weight versus time, the monomerconversion versus time, and the PDI versus time for ATRP. Therefore, itcan be determined which metal (Ni or Cu) initiates the polymerizationreaction. Because only pinholes or small wear areas are exposed, thereactions may take a longer time, for example more than 30 minutes. Inthe process, it is not necessary for an operator to continuously checkthe reaction as the data will be matched back to the standard profilesbased on the length of reaction time the operator chooses.

Based on the foregoing, a method has been disclosed for examining wearof a connector contact using atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP). However, numerous modifications and substitutions can be madewithout deviating from the sprit and scope of the present invention.Therefore, the present invention has been disclosed by way of examplesand not limitation.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for examining wear of a connectorcontact using atom transfer radical polymerization, the methodcomprising: placing the connector contact into a reactor; addingchemicals for the atom transfer radical polymerization to the reactor;determining an average molecular weight and a polydispersity index ofpolymers in a sample from the reactor; and determining whether anunderlying metal layer of the connector contact is exposed, based on theaverage molecular weight and the polydispersity index.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: determining that no copper layer and nonickel layer are exposed, in response to determining that no atomtransfer radical polymerization occurs.
 3. The method of claim 1,further comprising: determining that a nickel layer of the connectorcontact is exposed, in response to determining that the polydispersityindex is greater than
 2. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining that a copper layer of the connector contact is exposed, inresponse to determining that the polydispersity index is less than
 2. 5.The method of claim 1, further comprising: keeping the reactor at apredetermined temperature.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:stirring the reactor for a predetermined time period.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: withdrawing the sample containing thepolymers from the reactor.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:deoxygenating the reactor.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:comparing the average molecular weight of the polymers with a standardprofile of the average molecular weight versus time for the atomtransfer radical polymerization; and determining a metal that initiatesthe atom transfer radical polymerization.
 10. The method of claim 1,further comprising: comparing monomer conversion with a standard profileof the monomer conversion versus time for the atom transfer radicalpolymerization; and determining a metal that initiates the atom transferradical polymerization.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:comparing the polydispersity index of the polymers with a standardprofile of the polydispersity index versus time for the atom transferradical polymerization; and determining a metal that initiates the atomtransfer radical polymerization.